Acne Scars

J Cell Physiol. 2009 Jun 29; Liesmaa I, Leskinen HK, Kokkonen JO, Ruskoaho H, Kovanen PT, Lindstedt KABradykinin receptors are differentially expressed in the coronary vascular endothelium of rat and human hearts during the pathogenesis of heart failure, but the mechanisms responsible for this regulation have remained vague. Here we show by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry, that hypoxia triggers the expression of bradykinin type-2 receptors (BK-2Rs) in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), in isolated rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (RCMECs), and in rat hearts subjected to ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Mild hypoxia (5% O(2)) induced a fourfold temporal increase in BK-2R mRNA expression in HCAECs, which was also observed at the protein level, whereas severe hypoxia (1% O(2)) slightly inhibited the mRNA expression of BK-2Rs. In addition, HOE-140, a BK-2R antagonist, inhibited mRNA and protein expression of BK-2Rs. The BK-2Rs induced by mild hypoxia were biologically active, that is, capable of inducing intracellular production of nitric oxide (NO) upon activation of HCAECs with bradykinin (BK), a response attenuated by HOE-140. In rat hearts recovering from myocardial infarction, BK-2Rs were upregulated in the endothelium of vessels forming at the border zone between fibrotic scar tissue and healthy myocardium. Furthermore, in an in vitro wound-healing assay, RCMEC migration was increased under mild hypoxic culture conditions in the presence of BK and was attenuated with HOE-140. Our present results show that mild hypoxia triggers a temporal expression of functional BK-2Rs in human and rat endothelial cells and support a role for BK-2Rs in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.